If all prophecy teachers were opposed to “sharpening” their interpretations, today, we would still be teaching that Nero, the Roman emperor of the first century, was the Antichrist. For example, in the earliest existing commentary on Revelation, Victorinus, Bishop of Pettau, writing in the late 3rd century, mentions Nero as having been considered the Antichrist (who, to remind, is shown as the 8th Ruler King in Revelation 17).1 At times, many other incorrect theories abounded (and still do): for example, that the Herodian dynasty was the manifestation of the 7 heads on the scarlet beast shown in Revelation 17.

We can study how the passage of time sometimes influenced the interpretations of the early church fathers. For example, a brief review of the perspectives on the last-day “ten kings” will be illustrative and informative. Irenaeus, writing later in the 2nd century, sees the 10 kings existing closer to his times. He theorizes that the development of the 10 kings results from a division of the then existing Roman Empire. He says:

[…] concerning the ten kings who shall then arise, among whom the empire which now rules [the earth] shall be partitioned. […] It must be, therefore, that the kingdom, the city, and the house be divided into ten, and for this reason, He has already foreshadowed the partition and division [which shall take place]. Daniel also says, particularly, that the end of the fourth kingdom consists in the toes of the image seen by Nebuchadnezzar. […] The ten toes, therefore, are these ten kings, among whom the kingdom shall be partitioned […].2

While we are encouraged to see that Irenaeus linked the 10 kings (10K) with the 10 toes of Daniel 2, we clearly do observe a bias working in the theories of Irenaeus. Rather than seeing that the final formation of the 10 kings will be driven by a motive of “aggregating” power sufficient to dominate the world, allowing this beast (and later, the Antichrist himself) to continue “[…] crush[ing] and devour[ing] its victims and trampl[ing] underfoot whatever was left” (Daniel 7:7), his perspective is more influenced by the vista of his day. At that time, the Roman Empire was still powerful and a single entity. Therefore, to his mind, a division was required to bring about the 10-king empire.

How could he have accurately predicted in his day that the Roman Empire was yet to collapse, only to revive again much, much later, and the 10 kings only appearing after that time? It can be deduced today that the 6th head on the beasts of Revelation 12, 13, and 17 is the Roman head. Today, we are more naturally inclined to see the 10-king arrangement as a collection of power … a coming together … as opposed to a division. After all, the 10 kings “have one mind, and shall give their power and strength unto the beast” (Revelation 17:13, KJV).

An interpretation similar to that of Iranaeus carried through to later Fathers. Cyril of Jerusalem, probably writing in the middle of the 4th century, also believed that the 10 kings were to occur in his day, seeing the kings coming out of the Roman Empire. A few decades later, Jerome (living between 340 and 420 AD) saw things the same way, preserving the dogma established in earlier times. He says:

We should therefore concur with the traditional interpretation of all the commentators of the Christian Church, that at the end of the world, when the Roman Empire is to be destroyed, there shall be ten kings who will partition the Roman world amongst themselves.3

What is interesting is that the Roman Empire of the late 4th and early 5th century was already a shell of its former grandeur. Rome was sacked by the Ostrogoths in 410 AD. The empire’s final demise is considered by most historians to be around 470 AD. Yet, even though the Roman Empire was clearly disintegrating, this idea of “partitioning” into 10 kings still held, though there was not much left to be divided up. At no time during the first five centuries AD was there ever any group of 10 nations or peoples that existed contemporaneously, nor even remotely representing an orderly partitioning of Rome into 10 following kingdoms.

Today, we see the same sort of bias at work. Previous theories of prophetic fulfillment can continue to be favored, even when new developments have interceded that clearly prove them incorrect. Even in matters where no definitive answer may be possible, at least the recognition that alternate scenarios exist is an interpretational improvement.

Modern Prophecy Dogmas Still Exist

As stated at the outset, olden-time dogmas need “sharpening” from time to time. Are there incorrect dogmas today in some circles with respect to prophetic interpretations? Most certainly there are. Are there many, and how influential are these? This writer is not knowledgeable enough to offer a credible opinion. However, we can point to at least a few miscreant views and will mention just three that are related to the interpretations of 7 heads and 10 horns mentioned in Bible prophecy.

But before we continue, just why should we even care that dogmas may be false? Though many aspects of prophetic interpretation do not rank as doctrine, error is still likely to cause harm, even if only subtly. On the other hand, misinterpretations leading to Millennialism or Amillennialism can have a significant impact upon faith, possibly leading to other church corruptions. We will conclude with these results, as there is one impact that is sure to please the enemy.

Just what are some examples of dulled dogmas? A few decades ago, many prophecy experts were absolutely sure that the endtime fulfillment of 10 kings was in place when Greece joined the European Common Market (ECM) in 1981 as the 10th member. Some had jumped to this conclusion even earlier—in 1967—when Norway, the UK, Denmark, and Ireland were accepted for application to membership. The planned addition of the three would have brought the ECM to 10. As it turned out, Norway did not accede in 1973 due to a lost national referendum on membership. It would take another 10 years before the 10th member, Greece, was to accede. Alas, only five years later, both Portugal and Spain joined, pushing ECM membership to 12. Today, the ECM (renamed the European Union in 1993) has transitioned to a 27-member Union.

Interestingly, even much earlier in the last century, it was thought that the Council of Ten Nations, who were the victors of World War I, may possibly be the manifestation of the final 10 kings.

Could the final 10 kings eventually come out of the European Union (EU)? Definitely, yes. It is a very feasible theory in this writer’s view. However, we still cannot prove that it will happen without doubt from Scripture. There are other credible theories. As such, we cannot pronounce that the European Union we see today is the sure forerunner of all 10 kings. If this cannot be proven conclusively from Scripture, or if other possibilities exist, then it must be treated as a theory and not dogma. Otherwise, we risk marring the veracity and interpretation of Scripture.

The prophecy community—which had promoted the “dogma” of a European 10-king coalition, with specific statements subject to many twists and permutations—lost some of its credibility. Neither did it reflect favorably upon the Bible.

Other Vulnerable Dogmas Today

There are surely other examples of incorrect interpretations that qualify as dogma in some circles. Some teaching distortions stem from overlooking the fact that the Antichrist appears only after the 10 kings are on the scene, and not before. Daniel 7:24 expressly proves this chronology, saying that “the ten horns […] are ten kings that shall arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first” (KJV). How much ink and paper have been wasted over the centuries on idle speculations of the identity of the Antichrist? The 10 kings arrive first. If the 10 kings are not first clearly evident, then the Antichrist cannot yet have arrived in power.

Why would this clarification even matter? One reason is that it would quell the rampant speculation—often hyped—about a peace treaty with Israel, among other prophesied Middle Eastern developments. How many times do we read that the very next peace negotiation with Israel will unveil the Antichrist’s identity, perhaps even today? Well, possibly, yes. But not until after the 10 kings are on the scene. In the meantime, countless unnecessary speculations and sensationalizations are proven to be merely wind. Of course, this does not mean we should be unconcerned with Middle East developments, or should stop praying for the peace of Jerusalem (Psalm 122:6), but to do so grounded in Scripture.

Finally, we will address one more prophecy interpretation that is popularly received as dogma. Seemingly, every time a major world leader or prominent figure has suffered a near-death experience (perhaps surviving an assassination, as in the case of Pope John Paul II in 1981), the speculation mills point to their candidacy for the Antichrist. In some circles, it is widely believed that it is the Antichrist (in human form) who suffers the wound to the head mentioned in Revelation 13:3, 12, & 14. No, the Antichrist is never shown as one of the heads on the beast(s) but rather as a horn that grows out of the 7th head on the beasts shown in Revelation 12, 13, and 17. Revelation 17 expressly says he is of the 7 kings (which are shown as 7 heads) and becomes the 8th king.

Therefore, the actual physical Antichrist is not even presented in the picture of the scarlet beast of Revelation 17. Moreover, the Antichrist is shown as an 11th horn in Daniel chapter 7 … coming up from among the 10 kings. Therefore, none of the “horn” kings can or will experience “a wound unto death.”

Thoughts to Ponder

There are more contestable prophecy interpretations that could be mentioned. However, our objective was simply to show that it is not unusual that there should be differences in interpretations … certainly not in matters of future prophecy fulfillment. Many of these do not qualify as reasons to break fellowship. What does matter is the reputational damage inflicted upon inerrant Bible prophecy due to unfounded, speculative statements … fears sometimes being hyped for profit.

There came the time that the boy “who cried wolf” was no longer believed. When the wolf finally arrived, no one cared to listen to the boy’s warnings. Why? The boy had lost his credibility and reputation as a sound witness.

For this and other reasons, it compels one to remain vigilant and always open to new interpretations that will be more faithful to Scripture. Moreover, we should always strive to separate opinion and speculation from factual representations of what the Bible actually does and does not say. This writer has certainly made such errors in the past and hopes not to make too many more in the future.

God has chosen prophecy as one of the unique means of proving His existence. Therefore, a cunning enemy would not overlook the strategic importance of discrediting the Bible by way of sensationalist and fraudulent prophecy teachers, who are prone to jump to incorrect and speculative pronouncements.

The Bible states that the whole world is overtaken by darkness during the last days—particularly so during the Tribulation period. A number of prophecies alert us to this characteristic of the end-time period. “See, darkness covers the earth and thick darkness is over the peoples” (Isaiah 60:2). “Will not the day of the LORD be darkness, not light—pitch-dark, without a ray of brightness?” (Amos 5:20). Darkness and evil are a mark of these times.

Given such conditions, it would not be surprising if the course of geopolitical events is even being deliberately planned to deceive and to discredit Bible prophecy. After all, the father of lies and deception is in control of the world at this time. Bible prophecy works to his disadvantage, as it serves to us as a “light shining in a dark place” (2 Peter 1:19).

Today, as far as the “10 kings” fulfillment theories are concerned, even though Europe has unified itself in a remarkable fashion over the past 70-plus years, the final, prophesized 10-nation coalition is still not obvious …certainly not identifiable in exact detail. We may feel urged to declare answers to the many open questions of end-time prophecy, but who can know the exact course of events, even over the next few months?

What can we conclude? Without a doubt, some great geopolitical shifts and world-reverberating tumult still lie ahead. Yes, we do have the gift of prophecy (1 Corinthians 13:2) and know that the very “testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy” (Revelation 19:10). Yet, “We live by faith, not by sight” (2 Corinthians 5:7), believing that all prophecy will be fulfilled literally.

***

Wilfred J. Hahn is a global economist/strategist. Formerly a top-ranked global analyst, research director for a major Wall Street investment bank, and head of Canada’s largest global investment operation, his writings focus on the endtime roles of money, economics and globalization. He has been quoted around the world and his writings reproduced in numerous other publications and languages. His 2002 book The Endtime Money Snare: How to live free accurately anticipated and prepared its readers for the Global Financial Crisis. A following book, Global Financial Apocalypse Prophesied: Preserving true riches in an age of deception and trouble, looks further into the prophetic future.

Do you have questions or other perspectives? You can contact Wilfred at: staff@eternalvalue.com. Please note that for reasons of volume and investment securities regulation, he cannot give financial advice.

1 Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, Vol. XVIII. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson. Published by T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh, 1870.

2 Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies, Book V, Chapter 26 (AD 180/199).

3 Jerome, Commentary on Daniel, Chapter 7, Verse 8. (http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_daniel_02_text.htm)

Could we all be vulnerable to incorrect or “out-of-date” dogma? Things may be believed that we have never ourselves corroborated from Scripture, or for reasons that we cannot recall. Of course, we should “…always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect” (1 Peter 3:15). Yet, realistically, it requires continuous Bible study to work out our faith … an ongoing process of “sharpening” our dogma.

Wrong dogma most certainly can apply to interpretations of endtime prophecy. If anything, this field of beliefs may be the most vulnerable of all. How so? Here we face additional challenges in our understanding. Not only does non-fulfilled prophecy deal with the future (a time frame that will always remain dark to the viewer in some respects), but also, we inevitably will be influenced by our sight … by what we already know to be familiar to us today.

The reader may subconsciously tend to interpret future prophecy, colored in the light of observed trends and world conditions of today and the recent past. This is called the recency bias. As a result, we may exclude or rule out certain future scenarios simply because these do not fit the conditions of the world that we observe today. But things can change.

Prophecy misinterpretations can be of different types. For example, we might incorrectly assume that the Bible is using symbol rather than literal language. That said, for the most part, the intended message of “symbols” should be considered to be literal as well. But what do we do if a literal interpretation of Bible prophecy does not align with today’s status quo? In other words, what if future prophesied events do not align with the technology of our day? This would be a conundrum.

Interestingly, the study of the roles of horses in the Bible reveals some provocative information in this situation.

Here is an example. Consider Ezekiel chapters 38 and 39. These describe warfare—widely agreed still to occur in the future—taking place on horseback. These two chapters mention the role of horses three times (verses 38:4, 15, and 39:20). The wars described here are conducted from horseback.

Following are the selected excerpts: First, “…your horses, your horsemen fully armed, and a great horde with large and small shields, all of them brandishing their swords” (Ezekiel 38:4); second, “You will come from your place in the far north, you and many nations with you, all of them riding on horses, a great horde, a mighty army” (15); and third, “‘At my table you will eat your fill of horses and riders, mighty men and soldiers of every kind,’ declares the Sovereign LORD” (39:20).

These three passages in the Bible use the Hebrew word for horse: sûs. As such, however, we now encounter a potential problem. How so?

Most would agree that the events described by Ezekiel in these two chapters are yet future. This is prophecy written some 2,600 years ago that has not yet been fulfilled. Yet today, for the most part, mankind no longer conducts its wars from horseback. In the present era, humankind wages mechanized warfare using tanks, personnel carriers, aircraft, drones, and various other technologies. Horses are not a major factor on the battlefield any longer. Why? It is a change that has occurred fairly recently. Mankind’s age of mechanized warfare is a little more than a century old … considered to have begun as of World War I (1914–1918).

But should we not expect the prophet Ezekiel to have foreseen this change? Even though today’s technologies would not have been understood by Ezekiel, shouldn’t we have expected him to at least explain what he saw … as farfetched as it might have seemed to him? Ezekiel tells us what he sees, and what he sees here are references to horses, which are to play a role yet future. What is the problem? Ezekiel says future fulfillment will take place with horses.

Let’s leave this “conundrum” for the moment and examine another instance of prophecy.

Consider this interpretative situation found in Isaiah 60:8-9: “Who are these that fly along like clouds, like doves to their nests? Surely the islands look to me; in the lead are the ships of Tarshish, bringing your children from afar…”

These verses appear to capture images of the Aliyah of the Jewish people back to their homeland in the last days. Isaiah sees them arriving on ships and clouds at some future time. Indeed, according to these verses, this migration has already begun.

However, that statement presumes that we live in a time of passenger air travel. To us living in the current age, this is obvious. Flying “along like clouds” foresees zeppelins; “doves to their nests” foresees travel with airplanes. As for “the ships of Tarshish,” these have been well-known means of travel for thousands of years. Isaiah, of course, would have had no idea about human air travel. Nevertheless, he did try to explain what he saw in the future.

Little did he know that air travel would be possible someday. Interestingly, not only was air flight invented just a little more than a century ago, but it also clearly sets the timing that fits with the Bible’s prophecy in this case. The modern-day “international” Aliyah began in the late 1800s. The Jews at first returned to their homeland mostly by boats (and also a few by foot). Then, at a later date, aircraft were invented … and not sooner. It wasn’t until commercial passenger service was launched by El Al (the national airline of Israel) in 1953 that Jews began to arrive in Israel by commercial airplane.

This is a wonderful prophecy. Furthermore, Isaiah sees future technology in advance that fits exactly with the era of its fulfillment.

This is not the case in the prophecies of Ezekiel that we examined earlier. We return to our conundrum. The future he foresaw did not reflect or predict any modern technology. He provides not even a hint. Could he have not approached the situation as other prophets?

Apostle John was particularly called upon to interpret the difficult visions he received from the Holy Spirit. Many of these were very hard to describe. Nevertheless, he depicted what he saw, though he may not have understood the images and technologies. As a matter of fact, some of these prophecies have not been understood even today.

The vision described in Revelation 9:7-9 provides just such an example. We read: “The locusts looked like horses prepared for battle. On their heads they wore something like crowns of gold, and their faces resembled human faces. Their hair was like women’s hair, and their teeth were like lions’ teeth. They had breastplates like breastplates of iron, and the sound of their wings was like the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle. They had tails with stingers, like scorpions, and in their tails they had power to torment people for five months.”

Interestingly, twice the word “horses” appears in this prophecy. However, in each case, Apostle John is careful to make sure that these were not to be understood as real horses. The depicted images “looked like” horses or “sounded like” horses.

How does John compare to Ezekiel? He strives to explain what he sees because it is not actually a real horse. Ezekiel, on the other hand, sees horses that he identifies as real horses.

What can we conclude? We encounter a situation where a literal reading of Ezekiel’s prophecies does not fit the technologies of the current times.

Yes, a literal interpretation of Ezekiel’s prophecies would have been popularly supportable during the 2,400 years before our time. But no longer after the First World War.

Must we then presume that Ezekiel saw something other than a horse in his prophecies? How can we reconcile this conundrum? Some prophecy teachers interpret the Hebrew word for horse as meaning a “leaper.” This, in turn, leads to the speculation that a “leaper” may be imagined as a military tank or Hummer (among other things). In this writer’s opinion, these interpretations themselves are somewhat of a leap. Clearly, Ezekiel is referring to horses … real horses that have existed since Creation.

A literal Bible interpreter, therefore, must continue to believe that a future fulfillment of Ezekiel will occur as written. However, adhering to these texts today may make us appear silly. What do the facts tell us in the here and now … and can we rely on our eyes to see clearly?

Thoughts to Ponder

More often than not, we note prophecies in the Bible that awaited their elucidation in the future. Many of the prophetic visions given in the Bible were not explicable to the prophet at that time. For example, Daniel’s prophecies are understood better today than 2,500 years ago. Not only has our understanding benefited through the collective study of Scripture by many readers (both clergy and lay people) over the years—the action of iron sharpening iron—but also the times, eras, and technological possibilities have changed. Daniel’s visions are, therefore, more understandable today. In this sense, previously adopted interpretations of prophecy, though having become dogma, can be proven to be incorrect.

Who is to know what will happen in the next 10, 20, or 50 years? Could it be that humankind will again return to fight wars conventionally, as in previous history? Might there be a catastrophic event that intercedes and reverses human technological advances in the future?

This writer believes that to be in the affirmative, and prefers that text must remain as written. This approach, therefore, expects that future fulfillment of prophecy will prevail exactly as written. This would mean there will be horses participating in future wars, exactly as Ezekiel foresees. Also, modern-day technology would be precluded.

Many interpreters do, in fact, choose to escape literalism. In some instances, they may take license from the Hebrew word for horses (“leapers,” as mentioned earlier) and apply it to their interpretations as they wish.

But what are the facts of the situation?

The Hebrew and Greek word for horse (and its derivations) occurs over 200 times in the Bible. In each case, they are indicated to be living horses, with the exception of some 16 references in the book of Revelation. It is interesting to note that the word “horse” (and its derivatives) appears in the New Testament only 16 times, all found in the Book of Revelation. Therefore, we can know that all of their mentions and roles take place yet in the future.

We see that horses appear to play an exclusive role in the wars taking place in heaven and at Armageddon and the Millennium. This also supports the notion that mankind will not adopt the technologies of the premillennial world during the Millennium. A major “reset” of the present world as we know it is yet to take place.

***

Wilfred J. Hahn is a global economist/strategist. Formerly a top-ranked global analyst, research director for a major Wall Street investment bank, and head of Canada’s largest global investment operation, his writings focus on the endtime roles of money, economics and globalization. He has been quoted around the world and his writings reproduced in numerous other publications and languages. His 2002 book The Endtime Money Snare: How to live free accurately anticipated and prepared its readers for the Global Financial Crisis. A following book, Global Financial Apocalypse Prophesied: Preserving true riches in an age of deception and trouble, looks further into the prophetic future.