Liberal Theology in the Churches: Part 5 :: By Ron Ferguson

This talk continues from Part 4. This is the last one in this series.

We live in troubled times when the very foundations of our faith are being shaken.

So many qualified people have written and spoken on this subject that sometimes it feels like one is climbing on the backs of those who were previously in the fight. Where possible, I am giving references and acknowledgment to the quotes I use, and if I have missed any, pardon me. I have gathered material over the years and don’t know the origin of some sources and/or my own notes on those. That won’t detract from what I have tried to do. I do not speak at or write for an intellectual audience on this subject – I want to pitch my writing to the ordinary Christian. There is a time and a place.

(1). INTRODUCTION

The following quote is taken from the back cover of a book called CAN WE STILL READ THE BIBLE AND BE A CHRISTIAN? by John Dominic Crossan, almost the leading liberal scholar at one stage in the world, and a former Roman Catholic priest.

“The Bible introduces us to a loving Jesus who turns the other cheek, loves his enemies, and shows grace to all, but we also meet a warrior Jesus who leads an army of angels bent on earthly destruction.

Which is the true Messiah? Should we all follow the nonviolent Jesus of the Sermon on the Mount, or the vengeful, sword-wielding Christ of Revelation?

As one of the foremost biblical scholars of our day, John Dominic Crossan reveals that running throughout the entire Bible – from Genesis to Revelation – are two conflicting revelations of God: one offering a radical, holy vision where every need is provided for and love and grace are extended widely; the other working to domesticate this radical vision by emphasizing judgment and punishment and by propping up the status quo.”

Taken from an Internet post by Glenn Peoples, PhD, New Zealand, who opposes liberalism:

[“John Dominic Crossan, the late Robert Funk, John Shelby Spong, or New Zealand’s own Lloyd Geering – all call themselves Christians.

None of them believe that God exists (except in some emotional or mythological manner), and all are adamant that Christianity should change. It should give up belief in a personal creator, in myths about miracles, in nonsense about bodily resurrections from the dead, and so on. Christianity must get with the times and become relevant, and in our day and age, people just can’t believe in such silliness.

One of the goals of liberal theology is to give Christianity a modern acceptability. They want to tell us that people can’t believe in ancient superstitions these days, but they can believe in “God,” if by God we mean the goodness in the world.

People can believe in the resurrection of Jesus, if by “resurrection” we mean the survival of (some of) His moral teachings in the lives of his followers, and so on.

These folks don’t want to abandon Christianity, according to them. Not at all. They want to see Christianity get real, they tell us. They are making the Christian faith credible. Or are they?”]

(2). THE BIBLE AND CHRISTIANS UNDER ATTACK BY MEDIA AND SCHOLARS

Re-imagining the Bible – In 2010, MSNBC anchor Melissa Harris-Perry called for “RE-IMAGINING THE BIBLE AS A TOOL OF PROGRESSIVE SOCIAL CHANGE.” Harris-Perry’s “re-imagining” of the Bible has become a favorite liberal tactic, as journalists and politicians have cited it to promote socialism, gay marriage, abortion, and a host of other progressive policies – “all kinds” of “liberal, lefty, progressive values.” [That information comes from Paul Wilson, as does some of the material below. Paul has written very intelligently against liberalism.]

Washington Post “On Faith” contributor Anthony Stevens-Arroyo argued that the Bible was the inspiration for Karl Marx’s motto “From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.” Huffington Post contributor, Kittredge Cherry, claimed Jesus Christ was a homosexual: “Christ lives in every individual of every different shade of sexual orientation and gender identity.” Writer Nynia Chance proclaimed that the Bible supported abortion on the program RH Reality Check: “There are times where the Bible states God commands that one [abortion] takes place.”

THE QUEEN JAMES BIBLE – Ideological leftists are attracted to the idea of a mutable Bible, and some even go ahead and rewrite it according to their desires and politics. A group of anonymous editors created the “Queen James Bible” to challenge traditional Scripture’s teaching on homosexuality. [Their stated purpose was quite clear: “The Queen James Bible resolves any homophobic interpretations of the Bible.” The authors boasted in their editor’s note: “We wanted to make a book filled with the word of God that nobody could use incorrectly to condemn God’s LGBT children, and we succeeded.”]

The quality of their scholarship leaves something to be desired. The editors of the “Queen James Bible” made only eight edits to the Bible (predictably, eight verses dealing with homosexuality) and expressly stated that they “didn’t change anything else to create this edition of the Queen James Bible.” The editors also asserted in their editor’s note: [“Yes, things like Leviticus are horribly outdated,” and claimed that “the Bible is still filled with inequality and even contradiction that we have not addressed.”] This leaves the question of why they bothered “editing” a work that they have little respect for in the first place; after all, they claim that “No Bible is perfect, including this one.”

These socialist liberals who attack the Church and Christians and the Lord are writing to their own condemnation because no one can trample the word of God and be guiltless.

THE GOSPEL OF JESUS’ WIFE – The most extensive media attempt to promote a changeable Bible involved a fragment of papyrus rashly dubbed the “Gospel of Jesus’ Wife.” The fragment, “about the size of a small cell phone,” referenced Jesus using the words “my wife.” In September 2012, print and television media wildly speculated about the fragment’s potential impact on Christianity. It was going to tear Christianity apart.

On Sept. 19, ABC’s Elizabeth Vargas breathlessly publicized the fragment as: [“Real-life ‘Da Vinci Code.’ Christianity’s biggest mysteries about to be solved. The tiny scrap of paper that could prove Jesus had a wife. Why this faded fragment might solve an age-old question.” Her colleague Diane Sawyer cooed that it was an “ancient clue… right out of the ‘Da Vinci Code.'”] All three broadcast networks hyped the fragment relentlessly on both their morning and evening news programs. (Material from Paul Wilson).

What they didn’t say was that many academics were skeptical of the authenticity of the fragment and that it was first translated and popularized by a self-proclaimed expert in “feminist theology” with an interest in promoting extra-Biblical texts. When sources like The Washington Post, The New York Times, and even NBC News Online reported that the Vatican and a Coptic scholar declared the fragment “fake,” no broadcast network covered it. The same fragment of papyrus that was hyped with such excitement when it may have subverted traditional readings of the New Testament disappeared entirely from the networks when it didn’t turn out like they’d hoped. Isn’t that typical of the anti-God media? The socialist media hates Christians.

Daily Beast and Post contributor Lisa Miller, a religious liberal, specifically called it “A LIVING DOCUMENT,” by which she meant that the Bible and its teachings (especially the unpleasant ones) are changeable. CNN’s Piers Morgan expressed this attitude when he rhetorically asked Jeff Foxworthy on his August 22, 2012, show: [“How literally should people take the Bible? And should the Bible be an evolutionary thing, rather like the Constitution was amended a few times?”]

Everything is so devious these days. Nothing can be trusted. In these last days of the Church age, all sorts of delusions and filthy lies abound. “Progressive writers have joined Democratic politicians in citing the Bible to attack straw man arguments supposedly constituting conservative economics.

Even the Bible is used against Christians and Christian values by the Democrats, but are we surprised?” (Source lost).

THE GOSPEL OF MARY – The “Gospel of Jesus’ Wife” wasn’t the only instance of journalists placing questionable texts on par with the Bible. Thistlethwaite promoted one of the Gnostic gospels – writings about Jesus rejected by the early Church, which include stories of Jesus killing people. She touted the Gnostic Gospel of Mary as a “long lost Gospel.”

LIES ARE NO BAR – University of North Carolina professor Bart Ehrman, a self-professed non-Church-going agnostic, claimed on the Huffington Post in March 2011: [“Many of the books of the New Testament were written by people who lied about their identity, claiming to be a famous apostle – Peter, Paul or James – knowing full well they were someone else. In modern jargon, that is a lie, and a book written by someone who lies about his identity is a forgery.”]

ABORTION – Erin Gloria Ryan of the liberal site “Jezebel” likes abortion so much that she wrote an article advising women of the ideal age to have one, so it isn’t surprising that she enlisted the Bible to support her enthusiasm. In November 2012, Ryan wrote, [“There are a lot more passages in the Bible that imply (or insist) that the big man upstairs doesn’t consider a zygote to be the same sort of being with the same value as, say, a mailman or a trapeze artist than there are passages that mention abortion, and because “there are zero Bible passages that mention abortion, as in ‘don’t do it,'” then the Bible must be pro-abortion.”]

EVIL LADY GAGA – In her music video “Judas,” pop artist Lady Gaga used Biblical imagery to celebrate the betrayer of Jesus. The lyrics of “Judas” include these lines: [“When he calls to me, I am ready. I’ll wash his feet with my hair if he needs – Forgive him when his tongue lies through his brain – Even after three times, he betrays me.”] Her song inverted two Biblical incidents: Peter’s betrayal of Jesus (Mark 14:66-72) and a woman pouring ointment over Jesus’ feet and washing His feet with her hair (Luke 7:36-50). Lady Gaga substituted Jesus’ betrayer of Jesus as an object of veneration.

(3). HOW DO WE ADDRESS THIS STUFF? HOW DO WE KNOW THE DIFFERENCE?

GRESHAM MACHEN, THE CHAMPION OF ORTHODOXY, HAS SAID – Even in the early twentieth century, liberals sought to put human experience above the word of Scripture. Liberals tried to argue that their authority was Christ, but it was a Christ apart from Scripture and known only by their personal human experience. In Christianity and Liberalism: The Bible, by J. Gresham Machen, Princeton professor, written Sept 2012, he says this:

[“The modern liberal does not hold fast even to the authority of Jesus. Certainly, he does not accept the words of Jesus as they are recorded in the Gospels, for among the recorded words of Jesus are to be found just those things which are the most abhorrent to the modern liberal church, and in his recorded words, Jesus also points forward to the fuller revelation which was afterward to be given through His apostles. Evidently, therefore, those words of Jesus which are to be regarded as authoritative by modern liberalism must first be selected from the mass of the recorded words by a critical process. The critical process is certainly very difficult, and the suspicion often arises that the critic is retaining as genuine words of the historical Jesus only those words which conform to his own preconceived ideas.”]

Machen concludes,

[“It is no wonder, then, that liberalism is totally different from Christianity, for the foundation is different. Christianity is founded upon the Bible. It bases upon the Bible both its thinking and its life. Liberalism, on the other hand, is founded upon the shifting emotions of sinful men.”]

If the sharp distinction is ever broken down between the Church and the world, then the power of the church is gone. This pressure to compromise with the culture is the most serious threat to the church’s calling, and it comes from within the church. Machen again observes,

[“The really serious attack upon Christianity has not been the attack carried on by fire and sword, by the threat of bonds or death, but it has been the more subtle attack that has been masked by friendly words; it has been not the attack from without but the attack from within. The enemy has done his deadliest work when he has come with words of love and compromise and peace.”]

Author Robert Mills begins his article in “THE PRIORITY OF AUTHORITY: HOLY SCRIPTURE AND HUMAN SEXUALITY” by quoting the common chant of liberals explaining why there has been such division in the church over sexuality: [“We all agree on the authority of Scripture. We just disagree about interpretation.”] Mills then exposes the fallacy of this position, saying, [“It is the first half of their statement, ‘We all agree on the authority of Scripture,’ that is so obviously absurd – for the chasm dividing evangelicals and liberals in their understanding of the authority of Scripture is, if anything, greater than that separating their interpretation of specific passages.”]

THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND LIBERALISM – Classical liberalism has significant ties to The Enlightenment, a period of intense questioning of institutions; focus on individual freedom; and development of the arts, science, and philosophy. Much of the modern church sees The Enlightenment in an entirely negative way as being “a cornerstone for secular humanism” and a too-optimistic view of humankind’s abilities over and above God’s grace and providence. However, The Enlightenment also afforded the church the opportunity to back away from rigidity, harshness, and irrationality and toward the social gospel’s message of reconciling love. The Enlightenment also reintroduced “reason” as an important, indeed necessary, element of faith.

Immanuel Kant wrote (Kant was not an atheist, but certainly he was not a Christian either):

[“Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one’s understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another.”]

Enlightenment thinkers attacked the church’s doctrine of revelation because they rejected “supernatural revelation.”

Mills (a PCUSA pastor who is currently teaching at Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA) writes, [“Enlightenment philosophy is the source and substance of liberal theology. Rejecting as “unenlightened’ the very possibility of divine revelation, mainline liberals have followed Enlightenment philosophers in degrading the Bible from God’s self-revelation to a mere collection of human reflections on the religious experiences of certain groups of individuals. For such liberals, the Bible is not, nor does it contain, the Word of God. Therefore, it has no more authority than a novel or a magazine article.”]

THE LIBERALS’ TREATMENT OF THE BIBLE – Liberals reject the authority of the biblical text given by the Author, the Holy Spirit. Instead, for liberals, the reader’s meaning, not the original author’s meaning, is authoritative. Whatever insight the reader gleans is authoritative for him/her, regardless of whether it agrees with what the text says or not. The shift is FROM the meaning of the text as a revelation of God given through human authors TO the reader’s meaning of the text, even if that meaning is in direct opposition to the words of the text. The reader’s meaning is now authoritative.

Mills explains the result of this erroneous liberal thinking, [“I once heard an Old Testament professor acknowledge that there is no question that the plain meaning of the Old Testament Hebrew is that homosexual behavior is sinful in God’s eyes. However, he concluded, ‘The Bible is simply wrong at that point.'”] Nov/Dec 2011 Theology Matters p. 1.

LIBERALISM REQUIRES A MORE RELEVANT RELIGION – “From Father God to Mother Earth: The Effect of Deconstructing Christian Faith on Sexuality by Berit Kjos – She says, [“This spiritual movement demands new deities or a rethinking of the old ones. The transformation starts with self, some say, and women can’t re-invent themselves until they shed the old shackles. So the search for a ‘more relevant’ religion requires new visions of God: images that trade holiness for tolerance, the heavenly for the earthly, and the God who is above us for a god who is us.”]

“Truth Creates Boundaries” by Susan Cyre, Executive Director of Presbyterians for Faith, Family and Ministry. Cyre writes [“Objective truth had been trampled on university campuses by relativism promoted under the banner of tolerance, inclusivity and diversity. This problem of relativism, however, does not exist just in liberal academic corridors. It exists in the culture and, most disturbingly, in the church, even among Evangelicals…. Objective truth is the plumb line which divides truth and falsehood, creating a boundary. Without that boundary, everything is believable.”] Mar/Apr 1995 Theology Matters p. 1

WRAPPING ALL THAT UP – Modern liberals regularly dismiss the Bible as repressive and irrelevant to modern thought and attack Christian conservatives for believing “utter rubbish in the Bible.” But the left is very opportunistic. Just as liberals can change their spots when it’s convenient, they become Bible scholars when they believe it can be used as a “tool of progressive social change.”

[“They don’t believe the Bible in the same way Christians do,” Michael Youssef explained to CMI. “They don’t read the Bible sacredly. They read it as something you can use, something you can abuse. So they quote it out of context.”]

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR JOURNALISTS: Paul Wilson (Christian good) gives the following recommendations for journalists and media writers:

(a). Treat the Bible as a Holy Book, Not a Punching Bag: Journalists should stop treating the Bible as an archaic book of outdated customs. Entertainers should stop using Christianity’s holy book as a setup for sex jokes.

(b). Treat Christianity the Same as for Other Religions: Journalists would never target the Koran, the holy book of Islam, for mockery – and would immediately be censored if they did. They should strive to treat the Bible with the same respect that they treat the texts of other faiths.

(c). Context, Context, Context: Journalists should examine the context of each Bible passage before cherry-picking quotes to support their ideological position.

(4) TO CLOSE – A FEW BIBLICAL POINTS TO CONSIDER

(A). THE CUT-UP SCROLL. Jeremiah 36:1-4 “It came about in the fourth year of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah, that this word came to Jeremiah from the LORD saying, ‘Take a scroll and write on it all the words which I have spoken to you concerning Israel, and concerning Judah, and concerning all the nations, from the day I first spoke to you, from the days of Josiah, even to this day.

Perhaps the house of Judah will hear all the calamity which I plan to bring on them, in order that every man will turn from his evil way. Then I will forgive their iniquity and their sin.’ Then Jeremiah called Baruch the son of Neriah, and Baruch wrote at the dictation of Jeremiah all the words of the LORD, which He had spoken to him, on a scroll.

Jeremiah 36:21-25 Then the king sent Jehudi to get the scroll, and he took it out of the chamber of Elishama the scribe, and Jehudi read it to the king as well as to all the officials who stood beside the king. Now the king was sitting in the winter house in the ninth month, with a fire burning in the brazier before him, and it came about, when Jehudi had read three or four columns, the king cut it with a scribe’s knife, and threw it into the fire that was in the brazier, until all the scroll was consumed in the fire that was in the brazier. Yet the king and all his servants who heard all these words were not afraid. Nor did they rend their garments, even though Elnathan and Delaiah and Gemariah entreated the king not to burn the scroll, he would not listen to them.”

Liberals cut away the word of God bit by bit. They burn God’s word on the altar of humanism and expediency and secular acceptance.

They will be held accountable, just like Jehoiakim was.

(B). ADDING AND SUBTRACTING TO THE BIBLE WILL HAVE ITS JUDGMENT. Revelation 22:18-19 “I testify to everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this book: if anyone adds to them, God shall add to him the plagues which are written in this book, and if anyone takes away from the words of the book of this prophecy, God shall take away his part from the tree of life and from the holy city, which are written in this book.” Liberals have always added and subtracted. They add the evil concepts of men and humanism and subtract the words they don’t like because they don’t fit their unconverted position.

(C). THE HOLY SPIRIT PROVIDED THE GENEALOGY BACK TO ADAM. Luke 3:23-24 “When He began His ministry, Jesus Himself was about thirty years of age, being supposedly the son of Joseph, the son of Eli, the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph,” DOWN TO THE LAST TWO VERSES – Luke 3:37-38 the son of Methuselah, the son of Enoch, the son of Jared, the son of Mahalaleel, the son of Cainan, the son of Enosh, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God.”

This is Joseph’s line right back to Adam. Previously in another message, we saw Adam was essential in the confirmation of marriage spoken by the Lord Jesus and fundamental in the doctrine of sin and justification delivered by Paul in Romans. Once Adam and Eve are removed, the Bible becomes illogical.

(D). A WARNING ABOUT WHAT WAS TO COME. Acts 20:29-31 “I know that after my departure savage wolves will come in among you, not sparing the flock, and from among your own selves men will arise, speaking perverse things, to draw away the disciples after them. Therefore be on the alert, remembering that night and day for a period of three years I did not cease to admonish each one with tears.”

1 Timothy 6:20 “O Timothy, guard what has been entrusted to you, avoiding worldly and empty chatter and the opposing arguments of what is falsely called “knowledge.” 2 Timothy 1:14 “Guard the treasure which has been entrusted to you through the Holy Spirit who dwells in us.” 2 Timothy 4:15 “Be on guard against him yourself, for he vigorously opposed our teaching.” 2 Peter 3:17 “knowing this beforehand, you therefore, beloved, be on your guard lest being carried away by the error of unprincipled men, you fall from your own steadfastness.”

I wish to thank both Paul Wilson and J. Gresham Machen (Theological Matters – Presbyterians for Faith) for the work they have done. I have used copious quotes from their writings. God be blessed forever.

ronaldf@aapt.net.au

Ussher’s Chronology :: By Randy Nettles

James Ussher was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1581 and died in England in 1656. He lived through a time of tremendous political and religious upheaval in his native Ireland and in England. Though he was a Puritan (and a Calvinist) in theology, he was a royalist in his steadfastness to the king and the principle of the divine right of kings. Ussher was the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland (ecclesiastical head of the Anglican Church of Ireland) between 1625 and 1656. He was a prolific scholar and renowned church leader. Ussher wrote two treatises on the epistles of Ignatius of Antioch while doing his work on church hierarchy.

In 1650 and 1654, James Ussher published the two parts of his history of the world, extending from Creation until the time of the Roman emperor Vespasian. Both parts were in Latin. An English translation was made available in 1658, two years after Ussher’s death. Published in 1650, the full title of Ussher’s work in Latin is Annales Veteris Testamenti, a prima mundi origine deducti, una cum rerum Asiaticarum et Aegyptiacarum chronico, a temporis historici principio usque ad Maccabaicorum initia producto (“Annals of the Old Testament, deduced from the first origins of the world, the chronicle of Asiatic and Egyptian matters together produced from the beginning of historical time up to the beginnings of Maccabees”).

John Lightfoot published a similar chronology in 1642-1644; however, it was never as popular as Ussher’s. Ussher deduced that the first day of creation was October 23, 4004 BC, on the proleptic Julian calendar, near the autumnal equinox (the first Sunday following the autumnal equinox). Lightfoot similarly deduced that Creation began at nightfall near the autumnal equinox but in the year 3929 BC. Ussher’s work was his contribution to the long-running theological debate on the age of Earth and mankind. This was a major concern of many Christian scholars over the centuries.

The earliest post-exilic Jewish chronicle preserved in the Hebrew language, the Seder Olam Rabbah, compiled by Jose ben Halafta in 160 AD, dates the creation of the world to 3761 BC, while the later Seder Olam Zutta to 4339 BC. The Hebrew calendar has traditionally, since the 4th century AD by Hillel II, dated the creation to 3761 BC. I believe this date to be inaccurate (shy) by about 200 years.

Many of the earliest Christian scholars used the Septuagint version of the Old Testament to calculate the date for creation, so they reckoned it occurred around 5500 BC. Christians up to the Middle Ages continued to use this rough estimate: Clement of Alexandria (5592 BC), Theophilus of Antioch (5529 BC), Sextus Julius Africanus (5501 BC), Hippolytus of Rome (5500 BC), Gregory of Tours (5500 BC), Maximus the Confessor (5493 BC, Panodorus of Alexandria (5493 BC), George Syncelius (5492 BC), Sulpicius Severus (5469 BC) and Isidore of Seville (5336 BC). The Byzantine calendar has traditionally dated the creation of the world to September 1, 5509 BC.

The Chronicon of Eusebius (early 4th century) dated creation to 5228 BC, while Jerome dated creation to 5199 BC. Bede (673-735 AD) was one of the first to break away from the standard Septuagint date for the creation, and his work De Temporibus (On Time), which he completed in 703 AD, dated the creation to March 18, 3952 BC, but was accused of heresy at the table of Bishop Wilfrid because his chronology was contrary to accepted calculations of around 5500 BC.

After the Masoretic Text was published, however, dating creation around 4000 BC became common and was received with wide support. Proposed calculations of the date of creation using the Masoretic text from the 10th century to the 18th century include: Marianus Scotus (4192 BC), Henry Fynes Clinton (4138 BC), Henri Spondanus (4051 BC), Benedict Pereirs (4021 BC), Louis Cappei (4005 BC), Augustin Calmet (40002 BC), Isaac Newton (4000 BC), Petavius (3984 BC), Theodore Bibliander (3980 BC), Johannes Kepler (April 27, 3977 BC, Heinrish Bunting (3968 BC), Christen Sorensen Longomontanus (3966 BC), Melanchthon (3964 BC), Martin Luther (3961 BC), Joseph Justus Scaliger (3949 BC), Christoph Helvig (3947 BC), Gerardus Mercator (3928 BC), Matthieu Brouard (3927 BC), Benito Arias Montano (3849 BC), and Andreas Helwig (3836 BC). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dating_creation.

Among the Masoretic creation estimates or calculations for the date of creation, Archbishop Ussher’s specific chronology dating the creation to 4004 BC became the most accepted and popular, mainly because this specific date was attached to the King James Bible. Bishop William Lloyd put Ussher’s chronology, with some of his own modifications, in the margins of a 1701 edition of the Bible. For many years, the King James Version was printed with these dates. It was included in the widely distributed Scofield Reference Bible as well. This led many to believe that Ussher’s dates were the correct Bible chronology, a position which is defended by some writers to this day, including Floyd Nolen Jones, Chronology of the Old Testament, Sacred Writ (floydnolenjonesministries.com).

There are two charts shown below. One is Ussher’s 17th-century chronology, and the other is my own 21st-century chronology, Nettles’ Chronology. The Anno Mundi (year from creation) years of the specified biblical event/s are to the left, and the BC/AD years are to the right. As you compare the two charts, you will notice the A.M. years are nearly identical until you get to the dividing of the Kingdom of Israel, when the northern 10 tribes of Israel broke away from King Rehoboam (Solomon’s son) and started their own kingdom called Israel. There were 19 Kings of Judah that were descended from Solomon. The last king, Zedekiah, ruled over Judah during the destruction of the Temple and the ruin of Jerusalem. Ussher’s chronology, from the start of Jeroboam’s reign to the end of Zedekiah’s reign, is 390 years.

By adding all the reigns of each of the kings of Judah (after Solomon’s death) mentioned in Kings and Chronicles, my chronology has a total of 345 years. The Nettles’ chronology, at this point, is based upon Edwin R. Thiele’s calculations which are found in his excellent book, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, regarding the chronology of the kings of Judah and Israel. It is deemed the definitive work and reckoning of the calendar years on this topic. I believe Mr. Thiele had a better understanding regarding the reckoning of the accession years of the kings of Judah and Israel and how they were calculated in different ways. The year in which a king came to the throne was known as his accession year. His first regnal year, i.e., the first full year of the king’s reign, began on the first day of the new year following his accession.

When non-accession reckoning was assumed for Israel, the numbers of Judah’s and Israel’s kings’ reigns matched exactly, showing that Judah was using accession reckoning and Israel was using non-accession reckoning, at least for the initial period of the divided monarchies. Jeroboam, the first ruler over the northern ten tribes, changed from the Judean system by reckoning his reign according to the non-accession method used in Egypt, where he had fled for refuge after fleeing from Solomon (1 Kings:11:40) rather than the accession method used in Judah. Ussher failed to recognize these differences between the two kingdoms regarding the accession years of kings and co-regencies between fathers and sons.

The period between a king’s actual accession and the next new year’s day was known as the beginning of the reign. Israel, in common with other near eastern nations, commenced the new year on the first of Nisan (our March – April), reckoned by its first king, Jeroboam, having come from Egypt (1 Kings 12:2-3) where the new year began in the spring. Judah, however, commenced the new year on the first of Tishri (our September-October). Where two dates overlap, a co-regency is indicated. Regnal years are used.

Valerius Coucke (1888–1951) was a Belgian scholar, priest, and professor at the Grootseminarie Brugge (Grand Séminaire de Bruges) in the 1920s. From the biblical data, Coucke derived the same basic principles that Thiele developed some years later without having read Coucke—co-regencies and rival reigns, accession and non-accession years, Nisan regnal years for Israel and Tishri years for Judah, and a switch of Judah to non-accession years in the ninth century BC. Coucke determined that the kingdom was divided in the year beginning in Nisan of 931 BC, in exact agreement with Thiele’s date, although Coucke’s method of determining the date was radically different from Thiele’s.

Coucke’s years for Solomon, one year earlier than Thiele’s, have been verified by their agreement with the Jubilee and Sabbatical cycles. His date for the fall of Jerusalem to the Babylonians, the summer of 587 BC, is in agreement with all the biblical texts involved, in contrast to the dates of Thiele (586 BC) and Ussher (588 BC). Ussher-Explained-and-Corrected_Rodger-Young_Summer-2018-BAS.pdf (biblearchaeology.org).

The difference between Ussher’s chronology and Nettles’ chronology basically consists of the 45 years difference between Ussher’s reckoning of the kings of Judah and Thiele/Coucke’s reckoning of the kings of Judah. The biblical event of the destruction of Jerusalem and the 1st Temple in 586-588 BC is when the two charts are transposed. At this point, the BC/AD dates are mostly in alignment, but the AM dates are out of alignment by 45 years.

Ussher’s creation date of 4004 BC was at least partially influenced by the widely held belief that the Earth was approximately 5653 years old (2000 from Adam to Abraham, 2000 from Abraham to the birth of Christ, and 1650 years from Christ to Ussher), corresponding to the six days of Creation, on the grounds that “one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day” (2 Peter 3:8) and “For a thousand years in Your sight are like yesterday when it is past. And like a watch in the night” (Psalm 90:4). This tradition was believed to indicate that Jesus would return in AD 1997, six thousand years after 4004 BC.

This belief in 6000 years of history for mankind is known as Chiliasm, where mankind will work on the earth for 6000 years (akin to six days for the Lord) and will rest during the 1000 years of Jesus’ millennial kingdom. The last 1000 years (6000-7000) would be akin to the Sabbath day of rest for the Lord.

If you believe in this theory of Chiliasm, then Ussher’s chronology is now 26 years past the 6000-year mark. However, Nettles’ chronology is still 18 years from the 6000-year mark. The number one sign of the return of Christ, especially for dispensational premillennialists, is the return of Israel as a sovereign nation (in their ancient homeland) on May 14, 1948. This should be proof to the amillennialists and postmillennialists that the Church hasn’t (and never has) replaced the nation of Israel regarding God’s promises to them.

Another indication we are in the last days is given in 2 Timothy 3:1-5 (prevalent sin comparable to the days of Noah and Lot). Also, we now have the technology for the prophecies of Revelation 11:9 and 13:13-18 to be fulfilled. However, the major sign that we are living in the end times before the Tribulation and the Second Advent is the convergence of all the signs given in Matthew 24:3-14 and the other synoptic gospels.

As a dispensational premillennialist with a belief in the millennial week theory, I believe that Christ’s return is imminent, first at the Rapture, and then at His 2nd Coming. Unlike the 1st – 3rd century historic premillennialists whose chronology was based on the Septuagint text, I believe the correct chronology of the history of mankind is given in the Masoretic text. In this reckoning, major biblical events occurred every 2,000 years. Abraham was born on the “second day” (2000 AM). Abraham is not only the father of the Israelites but the father of all the faithful. “Therefore it is of faith that it might be according to grace, so that the promise might be sure to all the seed, not only to those who are of the law, but also to those who are of the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all” (Romans 4:16).

Jesus was crucified, resurrected, and ascended back to heaven, and the Church was born on the “fourth day” after approximately 4,000 years (4000 AM) of recorded history. “But when the fullness of the time had come, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, that we might receive the adoption as sons” (Galatians 4:4-5). With these two examples, separated by “two days,” it is easy to see Christ returning to the earth after “two more days.”

The Old Testament prophet Hosea had this to say about the subject (in my opinion): “I will go and return to my place, till they acknowledge their offense, and seek my face: in their affliction, they will seek me early. Come, and let us return unto the LORD: for he hath torn, and he will heal us; he has smitten, and he will bind us up. After two days, He will revive us: in the third day He will raise us up, and we shall live in His sight. Then we shall know if we follow on to know the LORD: His going forth is prepared as the morning; and He shall come unto us as the rain, as the latter and former rain unto the earth” (Hosea 5:15, 6:1-3).

Could the two days in Hosea’s prophecy be a typology for 2000 years (after Jesus’ crucifixion), and the beginning of the Millennial Kingdom starts on the third “day”? Could the latter rain (which occurs in the spring) be the 1st Advent of Jesus to Earth and the former rain (which occurs in the autumn) be the 2nd Advent of Jesus?

According to my reckoning (Chronology of Mankind: 6,000 Years of History Pt 1 :: By Randy Nettles – Rapture Ready), we are now (2023 AD/ 5982 AM) 18 years away from 6,000 years of recorded history according to the Bible and secular historical sources. Seven of those years will be taken up by the future Tribulation, so that leaves 11 years shy of six millennia. If there is a gap period between the Rapture and the Tribulation, that could possibly account for a year or two, which would leave us 9 or 10 years shy of 6,000 years. For a 6000-year chronology reckoning, a .15% margin of error would be 9 years.

This discrepancy could be lessened even further if you deduced that the ages of the pre and post-flood patriarchs ages at the time of their son’s births were not recorded exactly but were rounded to the number shown in scripture. Of the twenty patriarchs from Adam to Abraham, if you added six months (on average) to their ages, you would get 120 months or 10 years. In other words, we are fast approaching the sixth day (6000 AM) milestone in human history.

Even if you don’t believe in the Millennial Week theory, you have to ask yourself why there is evidence (see my chart below) for nearly 6000 years of recorded history per the Bible and historical secular sources. If you’re not a believer in this theory, then that is an amazing coincidence. However, I don’t believe the word “coincidence” is in God’s vocabulary. After all, He knows the end from the beginning. Will something significant and prophetic happen on the sixth day (whenever that is exactly) as it did on the second and fourth days? According to biblical chronology, I believe the odds are pretty good.

“In Him, we have redemption through His blood, the forgiveness of sins, according to the riches of His grace which He made to abound toward us in all wisdom and prudence, having made known to us the mystery of His will, according to His good pleasure which He purposed in Himself, that in the dispensation of the fullness of the times He might gather together in one all things in Christ, both which are in heaven and which are on earth—in Him. In Him also we have obtained an inheritance, being predestined according to the purpose of Him who works all things according to the counsel of His will, that we who first trusted in Christ should be to the praise of His glory” (Ephesians 1:7-12).

Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus!

Randy Nettles

rgeanie55@gmail.com

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USSHER’S CHRONOLOGY

Age of the Earth                                     Event                                                                     Date

1 AM                                 Creation (Day 1 – October 4)                                                 4004 BC

1655 AM                          The great flood of Noah’s day                                               2349 BC

2008 AM                          Abraham born                                                                          1996 BC

2107 AM                          Isaac born                                                                                 1897 BC

2167 AM                          Jacob born                                                                                1837 BC

2258 AM                          Joseph born                                                                              1746 BC

2275 AM                          Joseph sold into slavery                                                         1729 BC

2298 AM                          Jacob and his family move to Egypt                                     1706 BC

2315 AM                          Jacob’s death                                                                           1689 BC

2369 AM                          Joseph’s death                                                                         1635 BC

2433 AM                          Moses born                                                                              1571 BC

2513 AM                          Exodus from Egypt                                                                  1491 BC

2553 AM                          Israel enters Promised Land/Moses’ death                        1451 BC

2948 AM                         Saul’s death/David becomes king                                         1056 BC

2992 AM                         Construction begins on 1st Temple/Solomon’s 4th yr.      1012 BC

3029 AM                         Solomon’s death/Rehoboam reigns                                       975 BC

3416 AM                         Destruction of Jerusalem & 1st Temple                                 588 BC

3489 AM                         2nd Temple completed                                                             515 BC

3537 AM                         Ezra arrives in Jerusalem                                                         467 BC

3550 AM                         Nehemiah completes the wall                                                454 BC

3681 AM                         Alexander dies in Babylon                                                       323 BC

3837 AM                         First abomination of desolation in Temple in Jerusalem   167 BC

3941 AM                          Pompey conquers Palestine                                                    63 BC

3999 AM                          Jesus is born                                                                                 5 BC

4036 AM                          Jesus is crucified (April 3 -Julian Cal.)                                     33 AD

4073 AM                          The Romans destroy the 2nd Temple                                     70 AD

NETTLES’ CHRONOLOGY

Age of the Earth                                      Event                                                                   Date

1 AM                                Creation                                                                                     3960 BC

1656 AM                         The great flood of Noah’s day                                                2304 BC

2009 AM                         Abraham born                                                                          1951 BC

2109 AM                          Isaac born                                                                                 1851 BC

2169 AM                          Jacob born                                                                                1791 BC

2260 AM                          Joseph born                                                                              1700 BC

2276 AM                          Joseph sold into slavery                                                         1684 BC

2299 AM                          Jacob and his family move to Egypt                                     1661 BC

2316 AM                          Jacob’s death                                                                           1644 BC

2370 AM                          Joseph’s death                                                                         1590 BC

2434 AM                          Moses born                                                                              1526 BC

2514 AM                          Exodus from Egypt                                                                 1446 BC

2554 AM                          Israel enters Promised Land/Moses’ death                        1406 BC

2950 AM                          Saul’s death/David becomes king                                         1010 BC

2994 AM                          Construction begins on 1st Temple/Solomon’s 4th yr.        966 BC

3030 AM                          Solomon’s death/Rehoboam reigns                                       930 BC

3375 AM                         Destruction of Jerusalem & the 1st Temple                           586 BC

3445 AM                          2nd Temple completed                                                             516 BC

3502 AM                          Ezra arrives in Jerusalem                                                         458 BC

3516 AM                          Nehemiah completes the wall                                                444 BC

3637 AM                          Alexander dies in Babylon                                                       323 BC

3794 AM                          First abomination of desolation in Temple in Jerusalem    167 BC

3898 AM                          Pompey conquers Palestine                                                      63 BC

3956 AM                          Jesus is born                                                                                   5 BC

3993 AM                          Jesus is crucified (April 3 – Julian cal.)                                      33 AD

4030 AM                          The Romans destroy the 2nd Temple                                       70 AD